A Game of Thrones Chapter Fifty-nine

Catelyn As the host trooped down the causeway through the black bogs of the Neck and spilled out into the riverlands beyond, Catelyn's apprehensions grew. She masked her fears behind a face kept still and stern, yet they were there all the same, growing with every league they crossed. Her days were anxious, her nights restless, and every raven that flew overhead made her clench her teeth. She feared for her lord father, and wondered at his ominous silence. She feared for her brother Edmure, and prayed that the gods would watch over him if he must face the Kingslayer in battle. She feared for Ned and her girls, and for the sweet sons she had left behind at Winterfell. And yet there was nothing she could do for any of them, and so she made herself put all thought of them aside. You must save your strength for Robb, she told herself. He is the only one you can help. You must be as fierce and hard as the north, Catelyn Tully. You must be a Stark for true now, like your son. Robb rode at the front of the column, beneath the flapping white banner of Winterfell. Each day he would ask one of his lords to join him, so they might confer as they marched; he honored every man in turn, showing no favorites, listening as his lord father had listened, weighing the words of one against the other. He has learned so much from Ned, she thought as she watched him, but has he learned enough? The Blackfish had taken a hundred picked men and a hundred swift horses and raced ahead to screen their movements and scout the way. The reports Ser Brynden's riders brought back did little to reassure her. Lord Tywin's host was still many days to the south . . . but Walder Frey, Lord of the Crossing, had assembled a force of near four thousand men at his castles on the Green Fork. â€Å"Late again,† Catelyn murmured when she heard. It was the Trident all over, damn the man. Her brother Edmure had called the banners; by rights, Lord Frey should have gone to join the Tully host at Riverrun, yet here he sat. â€Å"Four thousand men,† Robb repeated, more perplexed than angry. â€Å"Lord Frey cannot hope to fight the Lannisters by himself. Surely he means to join his power to ours.† â€Å"Does he?† Catelyn asked. She had ridden forward to join Robb and Robett Glover, his companion of the day. The vanguard spread out behind them, a slow-moving forest of lances and banners and spears. â€Å"I wonder. Expect nothing of Walder Frey, and you will never be surprised.† â€Å"He's your father's bannerman.† â€Å"Some men take their oaths more seriously than others, Robb. And Lord Walder was always friendlier with Casterly Rock than my father would have liked. One of his sons is wed to Tywin Lannister's sister. That means little of itself, to be sure. Lord Walder has sired a great many children over the years, and they must needs marry someone. Still . . . â€Å" â€Å"Do you think he means to betray us to the Lannisters, my lady?† Robett Glover asked gravely. Catelyn sighed. â€Å"If truth be told, I doubt even Lord Frey knows what Lord Frey intends to do. He has an old man's caution and a young man's ambition, and has never lacked for cunning.† â€Å"We must have the Twins, Mother,† Robb said heatedly. â€Å"There is no other way across the river. You know that.† â€Å"Yes. And so does Walder Frey, you can be sure of that.† That night they made camp on the southern edge of the bogs, halfway between the kingsroad and the river. It was there Theon Greyjoy brought them further word from her uncle. â€Å"Ser Brynden says to tell you he's crossed swords with the Lannisters. There are a dozen scouts who won't be reporting back to Lord Tywin anytime soon. Or ever.† He grinned. â€Å"Ser Addam Marbrand commands their outriders, and he's pulling back south, burning as he goes. He knows where we are, more or less, but the Blackfish vows he will not know when we split.† â€Å"Unless Lord Frey tells him,† Catelyn said sharply. â€Å"Theon, when you return to my uncle, tell him he is to place his best bowmen around the Twins, day and night, with orders to bring down any raven they see leaving the battlements. I want no birds bringing word of my son's movements to Lord Tywin.† â€Å"Ser Brynden has seen to it already, my lady,† Theon replied with a cocky smile. â€Å"A few more blackbirds, and we should have enough to bake a pie. I'll save you their feathers for a hat.† She ought to have known that Brynden Blackfish would be well ahead of her. â€Å"What have the Freys been doing while the Lannisters burn their fields and plunder their holdfasts?† â€Å"There's been some fighting between Ser Addam's men and Lord Walder's,† Theon answered. â€Å"Not a day's ride from here, we found two Lannister scouts feeding the crows where the Freys had strung them up. Most of Lord Walder's strength remains massed at the Twins, though.† That bore Walder Frey's seal beyond a doubt, Catelyn thought bitterly; hold back, wait, watch, take no risk unless forced to it. â€Å"If he's been fighting the Lannisters, perhaps he does mean to hold to his vows,† Robb said. Catelyn was less encouraged. â€Å"Defending his own lands is one thing, open battle against Lord Tywin quite another.† Robb turned back to Theon Greyjoy. â€Å"Has the Blackfish found any other way across the Green Fork?† Theon shook his head. â€Å"The river's running high and fast. Ser Brynden says it can't be forded, not this far north.† â€Å"I must have that crossing!† Robb declared, fuming. â€Å"Oh, our horses might be able to swim the river, I suppose, but not with armored men on their backs. We'd need to build rafts to pole our steel across, helms and mail and lances, and we don't have the trees for that. Or the time. Lord Tywin is marching north . . . † He balled his hand into a fist. â€Å"Lord Frey would be a fool to try and bar our way,† Theon Greyjoy said with his customary easy confidence. â€Å"We have five times his numbers. You can take the Twins if you need to, Robb.† â€Å"Not easily,† Catelyn warned them, â€Å"and not in time. While you were mounting your siege, Tywin Lannister would bring up his host and assault you from the rear.† Robb glanced from her to Greyjoy, searching for an answer and finding none. For a moment he looked even younger than his fifteen years, despite his mail and sword and the stubble on his cheeks. â€Å"What would my lord father do?† he asked her. â€Å"Find a way across,† she told him. â€Å"Whatever it took.† The next morning it was Ser Brynden Tully himself who rode back to them. He had put aside the heavy plate and helm he'd worn as the Knight of the Gate for the lighter leather-and-mail of an outrider, but his obsidian fish still fastened his cloak. Her uncle's face was grave as he swung down off his horse. â€Å"There has been a battle under the walls of Riverrun,† he said, his mouth grim. â€Å"We had it from a Lannister outrider we took captive. The Kingslayer has destroyed Edmure's host and sent the lords of the Trident reeling in flight.† A cold hand clutched at Catelyn's heart. â€Å"And my brother?† â€Å"Wounded and taken prisoner,† Ser Brynden said. â€Å"Lord Blackwood and the other survivors are under siege inside Riverrun, surrounded by Jaime's host.† Robb looked fretful. â€Å"We must get across this accursed river if we're to have any hope of relieving them in time.† â€Å"That will not be easily done,† her uncle cautioned. â€Å"Lord Frey has pulled his whole strength back inside his castles, and his gates are closed and barred.† â€Å"Damn the man,† Robb swore. â€Å"If the old fool does not relent and let me cross, he'll leave me no choice but to storm his walls. I'll pull the Twins down around his ears if I have to, we'll see how well he likes that!† â€Å"You sound like a sulky boy, Robb,† Catelyn said sharply. â€Å"A child sees an obstacle, and his first thought is to run around it or knock it down. A lord must learn that sometimes words can accomplish what swords cannot.† Robb's neck reddened at the rebuke. â€Å"Tell me what you mean, Mother,† he said meekly. â€Å"The Freys have held the crossing for six hundred years, and for six hundred years they have never failed to exact their toll.† â€Å"What toll? What does he want?† She smiled. â€Å"That is what we must discover.† â€Å"And what if I do not choose to pay this toll?† â€Å"Then you had best retreat back to Moat Cailin, deploy to meet Lord Tywin in battle . . . or grow wings. I see no other choices.† Catelyn put her heels to her horse and rode off, leaving her son to ponder her words. It would not do to make him feel as if his mother were usurping his place. Did you teach him wisdom as well as valor, Ned? she wondered. Did you teach him how to kneel? The graveyards of the Seven Kingdoms were full of brave men who had never learned that lesson. It was near midday when their vanguard came in sight of the Twins, where the Lords of the Crossing had their seat. The Green Fork ran swift and deep here, but the Freys had spanned it many centuries past and grown rich off the coin men paid them to cross. Their bridge was a massive arch of smooth grey rock, wide enough for two wagons to pass abreast; the Water Tower rose from the center of the span, commanding both road and river with its arrow slits, murder holes, and portcullises. It had taken the Freys three generations to complete their bridge; when they were done they'd thrown up stout timber keeps on either bank, so no one might cross without their leave. The timber had long since given way to stone. The Twins—two squat, ugly, formidable castles, identical in every respect, with the bridge arching between—had guarded the crossing for centuries. High curtain walls, deep moats, and heavy oak-and-iron gates protected the approaches, the bridge footings rose from within stout inner keeps, there was a barbican and portcullis on either bank, and the Water Tower defended the span itself. One glance was sufficient to tell Catelyn that the castle would not be taken by storm. The battlements bristled with spears and swords and scorpions, there was an archer at every crenel and arrow slit, the drawbridge was up, the portcullis down, the gates closed and barred. The Greatjon began to curse and swear as soon as he saw what awaited them. Lord Rickard Karstark glowered in silence. â€Å"That cannot be assaulted, my lords,† Roose Bolton announced. â€Å"Nor can we take it by siege, without an army on the far bank to invest the other castle,† Helman Tallhart said gloomily. Across the deep-running green waters, the western twin stood like a reflection of its eastern brother. â€Å"Even if we had the time. Which, to be sure, we do not.† As the northern lords studied the castle, a sally port opened, a plank bridge slid across the moat, and a dozen knights rode forth to confront them, led by four of Lord Walder's many sons. Their banner bore twin towers, dark blue on a field of pale silver-grey. Ser Stevron Frey, Lord Walder's heir, spoke for them. The Freys all looked like weasels; Ser Stevron, past sixty with grandchildren of his own, looked like an especially old and tired weasel, yet he was polite enough. â€Å"My lord father has sent me to greet you, and inquire as to who leads this mighty host.† â€Å"I do.† Robb spurred his horse forward. He was in his armor, with the direwolf shield of Winterfell strapped to his saddle and Grey Wind padding by his side. The old knight looked at her son with a faint flicker of amusement in his watery grey eyes, though his gelding whickered uneasily and sidled away from the direwolf. â€Å"My lord father would be most honored if you would share meat and mead with him in the castle and explain your purpose here.† His words crashed among the lords bannermen like a great stone from a catapult. Not one of them approved. They cursed, argued, shouted down each other. â€Å"You must not do this, my lord,† Galbart Glover pleaded with Robb. â€Å"Lord Walder is not to be trusted.† Roose Bolton nodded. â€Å"Go in there alone and you're his. He can sell you to the Lannisters, throw you in a dungeon, or slit your throat, as he likes.† â€Å"If he wants to talk to us, let him open his gates, and we will all share his meat and mead,† declared Ser Wendel Manderly. â€Å"Or let him come out and treat with Robb here, in plain sight of his men and ours,† suggested his brother, Ser Wylis. Catelyn Stark shared all their doubts, but she had only to glance at Ser Stevron to see that he was not pleased by what he was hearing. A few more words and the chance would be lost. She had to act, and quickly. â€Å"I will go,† she said loudly. â€Å"You, my lady?† The Greatjon furrowed his brow. â€Å"Mother, are you certain?† Clearly, Robb was not. â€Å"Never more,† Catelyn lied glibly. â€Å"Lord Walder is my father's bannerman. I have known him since I was a girl. He would never offer me any harm.† Unless he saw some profit in it, she added silently, but some truths did not bear saying, and some lies were necessary. â€Å"I am certain my lord father would be pleased to speak to the Lady Catelyn,† Ser Stevron said. â€Å"To vouchsafe for our good intentions, my brother Ser Perwyn will remain here until she is safely returned to you.† â€Å"He shall be our honored guest,† said Robb. Ser Perwyn, the youngest of the four Freys in the party, dismounted and handed the reins of his horse to a brother. â€Å"I require my lady mother's return by evenfall, Ser Stevron,† Robb went on. â€Å"It is not my intent to linger here long.† Ser Stevron Frey gave a polite nod. â€Å"As you say, my lord.† Catelyn spurred her horse forward and did not look back. Lord Walder's sons and envoys fell in around her. Her father had once said of Walder Frey that he was the only lord in the Seven Kingdoms who could field an army out of his breeches. When the Lord of the Crossing welcomed Catelyn in the great hall of the east castle, surrounded by twenty living sons (minus Ser Perwyn, who would have made twenty-one), thirty-six grandsons, nineteen great-grandsons, and numerous daughters, granddaughters, bastards, and grandbastards, she understood just what he had meant. Lord Walder was ninety, a wizened pink weasel with a bald spotted head, too gouty to stand unassisted. His newest wife, a pale frail girl of sixteen years, walked beside his litter when they carried him in. She was the eighth Lady Frey. â€Å"It is a great pleasure to see you again after so many years, my lord,† Catelyn said. The old man squinted at her suspiciously. â€Å"Is it? I doubt that. Spare me your sweet words, Lady Catelyn, I am too old. Why are you here? Is your boy too proud to come before me himself? What am I to do with you?† Catelyn had been a girl the last time she had visited the Twins, but even then Lord Walder had been irascible, sharp of tongue, and blunt of manner. Age had made him worse than ever, it would seem. She would need to choose her words with care, and do her best to take no offense from his. â€Å"Father,† Ser Stevron said reproachfully, â€Å"you forget yourself. Lady Stark is here at your invitation.† â€Å"Did I ask you? You are not Lord Frey yet, not until I die. Do I look dead? I'll hear no instructions from you.† â€Å"This is no way to speak in front of our noble guest, Father,† one of his younger sons said. â€Å"Now my bastards presume to teach me courtesy,† Lord Walder complained. â€Å"I'll speak any way I like, damn you. I've had three kings to guest in my life, and queens as well, do you think I require lessons from the likes of you, Ryger? Your mother was milking goats the first time I gave her my seed.† He dismissed the red-faced youth with a flick of his fingers and gestured to two of his other sons. â€Å"Danwell, Whalen, help me to my chair.† They shifted Lord Walder from his litter and carried him to the high seat of the Freys, a tall chair of black oak whose back was carved in the shape of two towers linked by a bridge. His young wife crept up timidly and covered his legs with a blanket. When he was settled, the old man beckoned Catelyn forward and planted a papery dry kiss on her hand. â€Å"There,† he announced. â€Å"Now that I have observed the courtesies, my lady, perhaps my sons will do me the honor of shutting their mouths. Why are you here?† â€Å"To ask you to open your gates, my lord,† Catelyn replied politely. â€Å"My son and his lords bannermen are most anxious to cross the river and be on their way.† â€Å"To Riverrun?† He sniggered. â€Å"Oh, no need to tell me, no need. I'm not blind yet. The old man can still read a map.† â€Å"To Riverrun,† Catelyn confirmed. She saw no reason to deny it. â€Å"Where I might have expected to find you, my lord. You are still my father's bannerman, are you not?† â€Å"Heh,† said Lord Walder, a noise halfway between a laugh and a grunt. â€Å"I called my swords, yes I did, here they are, you saw them on the walls. It was my intent to march as soon as all my strength was assembled. Well, to send my sons. I am well past marching myself, Lady Catelyn.† He looked around for likely confirmation and pointed to a tall, stooped man of fifty years. â€Å"Tell her, Jared. Tell her that was my intent.† â€Å"It was, my lady,† said Ser Jared Frey, one of his sons by his second wife. â€Å"On my honor.† â€Å"Is it my fault that your fool brother lost his battle before we could march?† He leaned back against his cushions and scowled at her, as if challenging her to dispute his version of events. â€Å"I am told the Kingslayer went through him like an axe through ripe cheese. Why should my boys hurry south to die? All those who did go south are running north again.† Catelyn would gladly have spitted the querulous old man and roasted him over a fire, but she had only till evenfall to open the bridge. Calmly, she said, â€Å"All the more reason that we must reach Riverrun, and soon. Where can we go to talk, my lord?† â€Å"We're talking now,† Lord Frey complained. The spotted pink head snapped around. â€Å"What are you all looking at?† he shouted at his kin. â€Å"Get out of here. Lady Stark wants to speak to me in private. Might be she has designs on my fidelity, heh. Go, all of you, find something useful to do. Yes, you too, woman. Out, out, out.† As his sons and grandsons and daughters and bastards and nieces and nephews streamed from the hall, he leaned close to Catelyn and confessed, â€Å"They're all waiting for me to die. Stevron's been waiting for forty years, but I keep disappointing him. Heh. Why should I die just so he can be a lord? I ask you. I won't do it.† â€Å"I have every hope that you will live to be a hundred.† â€Å"That would boil them, to be sure. Oh, to be sure. Now, what do you want to say?† â€Å"We want to cross,† Catelyn told him. â€Å"Oh, do you? That's blunt. Why should I let you?† For a moment her anger flared. â€Å"If you were strong enough to climb your own battlements, Lord Frey, you would see that my son has twenty thousand men outside your walls.† â€Å"They'll be twenty thousand fresh corpses when Lord Tywin gets here,† the old man shot back. â€Å"Don't you try and frighten me, my lady. Your husband's in some traitor's cell under the Red Keep, your father's sick, might be dying, and Jaime Lannister's got your brother in chains. What do you have that I should fear? That son of yours? I'll match you son for son, and I'll still have eighteen when yours are all dead.† â€Å"You swore an oath to my father,† Catelyn reminded him. He bobbed his head side to side, smiling. â€Å"Oh, yes, I said some words, but I swore oaths to the crown too, it seems to me. Joffrey's the king now, and that makes you and your boy and all those fools out there no better than rebels. If I had the sense the gods gave a fish, I'd help the Lannisters boil you all.† â€Å"Why don't you?† she challenged him. Lord Walder snorted with disdain. â€Å"Lord Tywin the proud and splendid, Warden of the West, Hand of the King, oh, what a great man that one is, him and his gold this and gold that and lions here and lions there. I'll wager you, he eats too many beans, he breaks wind just like me, but you'll never hear him admit it, oh, no. What's he got to be so puffed up about anyway? Only two sons, and one of them's a twisted little monster. I'll match him son for son, and I'll still have nineteen and a half left when all of his are dead!† He cackled. â€Å"If Lord Tywin wants my help, he can bloody well ask for it.† That was all Catelyn needed to hear. â€Å"I am asking for your help, my lord,† she said humbly. â€Å"And my father and my brother and my lord husband and my sons are asking with my voice.† Lord Walder jabbed a bony finger at her face. â€Å"Save your sweet words, my lady. Sweet words I get from my wife. Did you see her? Sixteen she is, a little flower, and her honey's only for me. I wager she gives me a son by this time next year. Perhaps I'll make him heir, wouldn't that boil the rest of them?† â€Å"I'm certain she will give you many sons.† His head bobbed up and down. â€Å"Your lord father did not come to the wedding. An insult, as I see it. Even if he is dying. He never came to my last wedding either. He calls me the Late Lord Frey, you know. Does he think I'm dead? I'm not dead, and I promise you, I'll outlive him as I outlived his father. Your family has always pissed on me, don't deny it, don't lie, you know it's true. Years ago, I went to your father and suggested a match between his son and my daughter. Why not? I had a daughter in mind, sweet girl, only a few years older than Edmure, but if your brother didn't warm to her, I had others he might have had, young ones, old ones, virgins, widows, whatever he wanted. No, Lord Hoster would not hear of it. Sweet words he gave me, excuses, but what I wanted was to get rid of a daughter. â€Å"And your sister, that one, she's full as bad. It was, oh, a year ago, no more, Jon Arryn was still the King's Hand, and I went to the city to see my sons ride in the tourney. Stevron and Jared are too old for the lists now, but Danwell and Hosteen rode, Perwyn as well, and a couple of my bastards tried the melee. If I'd known how they'd shame me, I would never have troubled myself to make the journey. Why did I need to ride all that way to see Hosteen knocked off his horse by that Tyrell whelp? I ask you. The boy's half his age, Ser Daisy they call him, something like that. And Danwell was unhorsed by a hedge knight! Some days I wonder if those two are truly mine. My third wife was a Crakehall, all of the Crakehall women are sluts. Well, never mind about that, she died before you were born, what do you care? â€Å"I was speaking of your sister. I proposed that Lord and Lady Arryn foster two of my grandsons at court, and offered to take their own son to ward here at the Twins. Are my grandsons unworthy to be seen at the king's court? They are sweet boys, quiet and mannerly. Walder is Merrett's son, named after me, and the other one . . . heh, I don't recall . . . he might have been another Walder, they're always naming them Walder so I'll favor them, but his father . . . which one was his father now?† His face wrinkled up. â€Å"Well, whoever he was, Lord Arryn wouldn't have him, or the other one, and I blame your lady sister for that. She frosted up as if I'd suggested selling her boy to a mummer's show or making a eunuch out of him, and when Lord Arryn said the child was going to Dragonstone to foster with Stannis Baratheon, she stormed off without a word of regrets and all the Hand could give me was apologies. What good are apologies? I ask you.† Catelyn frowned, disquieted. â€Å"I had understood that Lysa's boy was to be fostered with Lord Tywin at Casterly Rock.† â€Å"No, it was Lord Stannis,† Walder Frey said irritably. â€Å"Do you think I can't tell Lord Stannis from Lord Tywin? They're both bungholes who think they're too noble to shit, but never mind about that, I know the difference. Or do you think I'm so old I can't remember? I'm ninety and I remember very well. I remember what to do with a woman too. That wife of mine will give me a son before this time next year, I'll wager. Or a daughter, that can't be helped. Boy or girl, it will be red, wrinkled, and squalling, and like as not she'll want to name it Walder or Walda.† Catelyn was not concerned with what Lady Frey might choose to name her child. â€Å"Jon Arryn was going to foster his son with Lord Stannis, you are quite certain of that?† â€Å"Yes, yes, yes,† the old man said. â€Å"Only he died, so what does it matter? You say you want to cross the river?† â€Å"We do.† â€Å"Well, you can't!† Lord Walder announced crisply. â€Å"Not unless I allow it, and why should I? The Tullys and the Starks have never been friends of mine.† He pushed himself back in his chair and crossed his arms, smirking, waiting for her answer. The rest was only haggling. A swollen red sun hung low against the western hills when the gates of the castle opened. The drawbridge creaked down, the portcullis winched up, and Lady Catelyn Stark rode forth to rejoin her son and his lords bannermen. Behind her came Ser Jared Frey, Ser Hosteen Frey, Ser Danwell Frey, and Lord Walder's bastard son Ronel Rivers, leading a long column of pikemen, rank on rank of shuffling men in blue steel ringmail and silvery grey cloaks. Robb galloped out to meet her, with Grey Wind racing beside his stallion. â€Å"It's done,† she told him. â€Å"Lord Walder will grant you your crossing. His swords are yours as well, less four hundred he means to keep back to hold the Twins. I suggest that you leave four hundred of your own, a mixed force of archers and swordsmen. He can scarcely object to an offer to augment his garrison . . . but make certain you give the command to a man you can trust. Lord Walder may need help keeping faith.† â€Å"As you say, Mother,† Robb answered, gazing at the ranks of pikemen. â€Å"Perhaps . . . Ser Helman Tallhart, do you think?† â€Å"A fine choice.† â€Å"What . . . what did he want of us?† â€Å"If you can spare a few of your swords, I need some men to escort two of Lord Frey's grandsons north to Winterfell,† she told him. â€Å"I have agreed to take them as wards. They are young boys, aged eight years and seven. It would seem they are both named Walder. Your brother Bran will welcome the companionship of lads near his own age, I should think.† â€Å"Is that all? Two fosterlings? That's a small enough price to—† â€Å"Lord Frey's son Olyvar will be coming with us,† she went on. â€Å"He is to serve as your personal squire. His father would like to see him knighted, in good time.† â€Å"A squire.† He shrugged. â€Å"Fine, that's fine, if he's—† â€Å"Also, if your sister Arya is returned to us safely, it is agreed that she will marry Lord Walder's youngest son, Elmar, when the two of them come of age.† Robb looked nonplussed. â€Å"Arya won't like that one bit.† â€Å"And you are to wed one of his daughters, once the fighting is done,† she finished. â€Å"His lordship has graciously consented to allow you to choose whichever girl you prefer. He has a number he thinks might be suitable.† To his credit, Robb did not flinch. â€Å"I see.† â€Å"Do you consent?† â€Å"Can I refuse?† â€Å"Not if you wish to cross.† â€Å"I consent,† Robb said solemnly. He had never seemed more manly to her than he did in that moment. Boys might play with swords, but it took a lord to make a marriage pact, knowing what it meant. They crossed at evenfall as a horned moon floated upon the river. The double column wound its way through the gate of the eastern twin like a great steel snake, slithering across the courtyard, into the keep and over the bridge, to issue forth once more from the second castle on the west bank. Catelyn rode at the head of the serpent, with her son and her uncle Ser Brynden and Ser Stevron Frey. Behind followed nine tenths of their horse; knights, lancers, freeriders, and mounted bowmen. It took hours for them all to cross. Afterward, Catelyn would remember the clatter of countless hooves on the drawbridge, the sight of Lord Walder Frey in his litter watching them pass, the glitter of eyes peering down through the slats of the murder holes in the ceiling as they rode through the Water Tower. The larger part of the northern host, pikes and archers and great masses of men-at-arms on foot, remained upon the east bank under the command of Roose Bolton. Robb had commanded him to continue the march south, to confront the huge Lannister army coming north under Lord Tywin. For good or ill, her son had thrown the dice.

The Toll of Stockholm Syndrome in the African American Society

â€Å"The Toll of Stockholm Syndrome in the African American Society† One of the effects of slavery on the African American people is the Stockholm syndrome. Stockholm syndrome by definition is the feelings of trust or affection felt in many cases of kidnapping or hostage-taking by a victim toward a captor. Another name used for this is the slave loyalty syndrome. Once slavery seemed to become a way of the world in America, some slaves grew forms of sympathy for their slave owners. While slavery became a way of life for slaves, some slave owners made their slaves feel a part of their family.On some plantations, there were slaves that could have been in the family for many years. Those slaves could have raised the owner, the owner’s parents, and the owner’s grandparents in turn may have gotten special treatment from the owners. Some owners confide in the family slaves, and those slaves did not see that they were being used for information. Those slaves may have fe lt that they are actually a part of their master’s family. Once feeling that they belonged, some slaves felt that they could be equal with their owners.By seeing the ways of the trade, some slaves wanted to own something of their own. Even though Stockholm syndrome by definition is a terrible thing, it evolved into the civil rights movement. All slaves who were affected by the Stockholm syndrome may not feel as if they were a part of the master’s family. They may have felt empathy as well as sympathy. There could have been things happening in the master’s house that gave slaves understanding. So instead of feeling like animals, the slaves related.They related to make them know that they deserved equal opportunities. The Stockholm syndrome affected the history of the African American people. Even though some slaves were the whistle blowers of the other slaves, there were some slaves that did feel a certain way towards their owners, but it encouraged other feeling s. Those feeling developed into justice and equality for all. Those slaves taught those beliefs to their children and their grandchildren which helped change not only African American history, but the entire American history. The Toll of Stockholm Syndrome in the African American Society â€Å"The Toll of Stockholm Syndrome in the African American Society† One of the effects of slavery on the African American people is the Stockholm syndrome. Stockholm syndrome by definition is the feelings of trust or affection felt in many cases of kidnapping or hostage-taking by a victim toward a captor. Another name used for this is the slave loyalty syndrome. Once slavery seemed to become a way of the world in America, some slaves grew forms of sympathy for their slave owners. While slavery became a way of life for slaves, some slave owners made their slaves feel a part of their family.On some plantations, there were slaves that could have been in the family for many years. Those slaves could have raised the owner, the owner’s parents, and the owner’s grandparents in turn may have gotten special treatment from the owners. Some owners confide in the family slaves, and those slaves did not see that they were being used for information. Those slaves may have fe lt that they are actually a part of their master’s family. Once feeling that they belonged, some slaves felt that they could be equal with their owners.By seeing the ways of the trade, some slaves wanted to own something of their own. Even though Stockholm syndrome by definition is a terrible thing, it evolved into the civil rights movement. All slaves who were affected by the Stockholm syndrome may not feel as if they were a part of the master’s family. They may have felt empathy as well as sympathy. There could have been things happening in the master’s house that gave slaves understanding. So instead of feeling like animals, the slaves related.They related to make them know that they deserved equal opportunities. The Stockholm syndrome affected the history of the African American people. Even though some slaves were the whistle blowers of the other slaves, there were some slaves that did feel a certain way towards their owners, but it encouraged other feeling s. Those feeling developed into justice and equality for all. Those slaves taught those beliefs to their children and their grandchildren which helped change not only African American history, but the entire American history.

America Experience in Nineteenth Century Essay

            During the half of nineteenth century in America, it really brought in experience to the recently happenings. Throughout this period, more individuals were trying so hard to carve out their own versions of the American dream and create their own definition on citizenship. Despite the obvious diversity of experience, most historians such as, Andrew Carnegie, Mary Church Tyrell and minor individuals argue that the mentioned experience shared commonalities are the foundation of American experience.                  Andrew Carnegie tries too hard to explain the gospel of wealth whereby he states that the rich and the poor can be tied together in harmonious relationship by proper administration of wealth. He says that the contrast between millionaires and cottage laborers currently measures change that has come with civilization. This change in wealth approves to be so beneficial and essential for the progress of the race in refinements of civilization that a house is the household for all. There is no bias in the change in the wealth since today the world obtains commodities at excellent quality prices in which the poor and the rich can enjoy with no prejudice (Andrew 23).                There is a great indifference lynching on the side of the church due to barbarism at homes (Mary 178). She pledges to the forei.gn missionary work that they should inaugurate crusades against barbarism at homes that has conformed hundreds of people into savage. This context is contrary rebellious to biblical teachings since only ignorance and lawlessness to date has led to people criticizing the effort put forth by the churches in the Negro’s behalf.                     During the times, there were wars and fight that took over so as they could get lands to settle in. they fought with the Indians, took over their properties such as, horses and cattle, and carried them away (Chief Joseph 187). The Indians were left homeless and some lost their lives during the wall. The author always prayed that the white men would live as brethren and that the case today. During the times, America was so strong and worked together for a certain goal and that is why they won the battle against the Indians.                     During the century, people in America slept in a ranch and ate cook shack most of the time. During the round up, and occasional other spells, people slept in the open and ate their chuck when squatted on their haunches around the check wagon. Besides feeding on beef and beans, they played wild games whenever the cooky took the notation or one of the waddies would decide to diverge the meat deal by going out and shooting some games (Sheldon 37).                From the past, women have been held responsible for the health of the community a function that is now represented by the health department. Certainly, the military conception to educate children so as they are equipped with kindergartens andare given a decent place for play, these things have traditionally in the hands of women (Jane 64). Most of the departments in modern cities can be traced as women’s traditional activities for example; home cleanliness and wholesome was in the hands of women but recently is represented by Bureau of Teenagers House Inspection                   Chinese people were given an appeal from the American citizens, on the pedestal fund of the Bartholdi Statue of Liberty. Chinese never believed in liberty since they had a lot of hardship while the other nationalities were free (American Missionary 290). This showed inhuman since other countries enjoyed liberty but Chinese did not. Chinese loved and adored liberty but they could not allow the ones denying it to them liberty invite them to a graven image and bow to it. In assumption, from the understanding about the America experience, I concur with the shared idea since most of the history can be approved by the recently happenings. References Andrew Carnegie, Gospel of Wealth, c. 1889 Chief Joseph Speech before Congress, Washington DC, 187 Mary Church Terrell, â€Å"Lynching from a Negro’s Point of View,† North American Review, 178, (1904): 853-68. Sheldon F. Gauthier. Reprinted in Jim Lanning and Judy Lanning, eds. Texas Cowboys: Jane Addams, â€Å"Women and Public Housekeeping,† 1913 American Missionary, Vol. 39 (October 1885), p. 290 Source document

Globalization Issue according toThomas L. Freidman and William J Essay

Globalization Issue according toThomas L. Freidman and William J. Duiker - Essay Example The book portrays a scenario where untimely flattening of the opponents of globalization is inevitable. William (2009:340-344) shares his sentiments in his book ’The contemporary world History’. He feels that the forces of fragmentation are too strong to allow globalization to gain a stable footing. Critical analysis of the thoughts of the two writers tempts an individual to take a position. Although William presents steep challenges to globalization, the basis of his arguments and speculation are on uncertainties. The past global trends have shown that globalization has received positive attention all over the world. Although some nations may not appear in public to support globalization, researches have shown that it remains a hot subject in their boardroom meetings. This shows that globalization is live and soon the world will be a global village. Thomas explicitly lays out the benefits of globalization. However, he does not overlook the possible challenges that glob alization might be faced with. This makes Thomas’s convictions correct, more sensible, and real in the current world. The Dell Theory of Conflict Prevention which Thomas subscribes to affirms that there cannot be disagreement between countries, which share a common interest. He emphasizes that globalization is the sole solution to the most conflicts in the world. In essence, Thomas signifies that the nations that embrace globalization have reaped benefits and not enmity. Globalization is the only safe platform to enrich cultural, economic, technological, and political ties while appreciating diversity. Thomas points out that there are still impediments to globalization. He argues that overcoming anti-global forces must be at the heart of its proponents. Freidman (580-604) highlights some of the issues which include poor education systems, weak economic powers, diseases, and bad infrastructure. Compromised education system negatively affects globalization. This is evident in t he third world countries where only the privileged in society acquire quality education and skills.

Others Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Others - Essay Example Fortis healthcare Ltd. merged with Fortis healthcare international so as to consolidate both their local overseas operations, and in the end increase their combined revenue significantly. Milk has been differentiated to satisfy different market segments, for instance, milk is packaged in different sizes of packets e.g. 250 ml and 1litre packets. Those who cannot afford to purchase the 1litre packets can opt to purchase the 250 ml ones. Marketing mix incorporates price, place, promotion and product level (Nelson & Paul 93). The 250 ml packet can be promoted by posters around institutions where the target consumers include the students and some of the College staff. The price should be pocket-friendly since students may lack the purchasing power of the more expensive products. For Smartphone, one first identifies the need for him to purchase a Smartphone; secondly he gathers information about the Smartphone. Thirdly he evaluates the information he has gathered and finally makes a decision on whether to purchase or wait for some

Market Research for Banking Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Market Research for Banking Industry - Essay Example However, situations changed and matters about financial growth caused a lot of individuals lose sight of the possibility of losing track of the development and falling off the trail towards freedom and financial progress. This is what has happened among bank industries as they face the world's most devastating situation of global financial crisis. The imbalance of monetary distribution has now caused many ordinary people who were basically the main clients of local bank branches are now opting to spend their money than save it since what they are earning now is just enough for their daily needs. Meanwhile, those who have better options of saving some of their earnings are becoming cautious about picking the right bank to which they are to invest their money in. In this regard, the banking industry has become a much sceptical commercial branch that needs to be supported through advancement and systemic progress at present so as to allow the smaller financial institutions such as local and rural banks to have at least a "say" in the current competition that they are involved in which practically includes the bigger names of larger banking organizations. In the study that follows, a proposal of a proper research on how bank consumers view their bank hosts and how they are able to choose over a lot of financial organizations offering them different options of service and saving shall be presented and discussed. This discussion is expected to have a great impact in the process by which smaller banking entities are able to operate successfully in the industry that they have chosen to join. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Formulation of Research Propositions 5 2. The Focus Group 6 3. Observations and Analysis 7 4. Interview Probe 8 4.1 Sample Population 13 4.2 Control of Variables Involved 13 4.3 Handling Ethical Issues 14 5. Case Study Presentation 14 6. Expectations 15 7. References 16 1. Formulation of Research Propositions Banks are of course are among the most important institutions in the human society today. Being the bonds that hold the finances of the people, they also stand as the epitome of the society's development when it comes to economic advancement. However, with the peak of the global financial crisis happening at present, it could not be denied that banks too have quite lost the attracting factor that they have on target clients years before the crisis began. With all these issues impending to affect the decisions of bank consumers, it could seen how the level of interest that the people have towards the intensity of their investments and how they are to manage their earnings that involves bank based investments have already decreased. Saving up money may be only a second priority to many as not so many have any spare budget to save in the bank anymore (WSB, 2009 , Internet) . Apparently, average families earn only as much as they could use for the day and have at least only 20% of their annual income actually dedicated to savings. (Rothbard, 1983, 45) Yes, although banks had been the worldwide economic backbone on the past, it could still not be denied that the entire procedure of taking into consideration the fact that this industry is already at its

Self-Portraits. Journal. The Renaissance artists Titian, Rembrandt, Essay - 2

Self-Portraits. Journal. The Renaissance artists Titian, Rembrandt, and Durer have each painted - Essay Example Today a dear friend asked me to explain to them why I would want to paint a self-portrait? It struck me dumb. For how could I reveal my selfish motivations behind the brush? True, my talent exceeds those I was educated with, but it hasn’t brought me the burgher status I so deserve (Westermann, 2004, 89). However, the portraits I have been working on lately are being commissioned by more prominent citizens than before (Westermann, 2004, 156) and this certainly reflects kindly upon my public image (Cole, 1983, 27-28). In the end, I only explained to my friend that portraiture interested me as a way to record the likeness and expression of those who hired me to do so (Smith, 2004, 85) and that sketching over 85 self-portraits (Westermann,2004, 4) is merely practice. But truth be told, I am tired of this middle-class morality! I have finished a great tribute to Raphael and Titian! After long studying their compositions I have created Self-Portrait (1640) as way of expressing the desire to emulate my Italian predecessors (Westermann, 2004, 12). It has the muted tonality and modest costume arrangement that is found in Raphael’s work. Also, I have copied the introspective gaze, the luscious folds of fabric and a gentle turn of head, all in alignment with the great Titian (Westermann, 2004, 152). I applied small touches of red to the cheeks and nose to produce a sense of life beneath the off white skin. Highlights of white on the cheekbone, nose and forehead give strength to the three dimensionality of the face. I have portrayed myself with a quiet expression and a simple pose in order to emphasize my facial features. My aim is Cartesian in nature—to produce a direct relationship between the viewer and the portrait (Woods, 2007, 73). My self-portraits have begun to truly represent the outer manifestation of my growing self-awareness

Compare and Contrast Research Methods (case study with other five Essay

Compare and Contrast Research Methods (case study with other five methods ) - Essay Example A case study further aims at understanding characteristics of the studied subject for generalization to a larger population and has been used to develop theories such as developmental theories among children. Its ‘generalizability’ is based on the assumption that an explored case is similar to other cases and gathered information is the same as what would be observed in the other cases (Zucker, 2009; Crowe et al, 2011). Some of the features of case study that distinguishes it from other research methods are its specialization in a unit for study and a comprehensive study of such a unit. The method is also strictly qualitative and focuses on causal effect relationships. It is also largely dependent on a researcher’s rationale as opposed to observed features of the studied elements. Case studies also exist in different types such as snapshot case studies, and longitudinal case studies, a feature that allows for freedom in the research method It offers a number of advantages such as flexibility, ability to infer observations to other cases, and ‘relatability’ in cases where results cannot be inferred. It is similarly able to study small units such as an individual effectively. The case study has however been associated with external validity challenges due to its usual small sample size. Its implementation follows the traditional approach of preliminary considerations, data collect ion, analysis, interpretation, and communication of the interpreted results. Case study can be applied in studying management styles, and their prospects, as used by an institution (Crowe et al, 2011; Roberts, n.d.). Case study was for example used in the research to investigate ICT-enabled government models in European cities (Jrc, 2010). The focus group is another qualitative approach to research in which participants are organized in defined groups to

Carbon footprint Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Carbon footprint - Essay Example Other emissions from greenhouses such as Methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N2O, Hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), per fluorocarbons (PFCs), and Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) are all reported as carbon dioxide emissions. Reporting all the other greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) as a single value of measurement makes it easy to manage, calculate as well as reporting. While carbon dioxide emissions are primarily used as a method of calculating CO2e, there are efforts by the international coordination of standards and control to make sure that an approach that is consistent is adopted for purposes of usage as well as calculation of the value (Weidema 1995). It is worth noting that there are a set of rules referred to as GHG Protocol that are generally used as the basis of calculating carbon footprint. These protocols are in line with the propositions under the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) for national level calculation of carbon emission. Nevertheless, despite the existence of well-built international standards, there are no institutions to enforce such standards, and therefore some companies opt to design their own computation methods. The computations of carbon footprint consist of two key mechanisms which are indirect and direct emissions (McGregor & Vorley 2006). The purpose of this distinction is to enable easy calculation of a particular company or entry as well as to provide a suitable system that eliminates any possibilities of double accounting. It is worth mentioning the various reasons behind computation of carbon footprint, these reasons may include: To set up a true and fair account of carbon emission ( CO2e), the calculations also reduces and simplify the costs associated with carbon emission, in addition, it provides information that facilitates involvement in mandatory as well as voluntary carbon emission reduction programs, the calculation also helps in providing valuable information to the management that can be used to design an effective and viable approach to facilitate the implementation of a carbon management program in an organization (Brenton 2009). Discussion For purposes of computing carbon footprint, it is pertinent to ensure that there are established boundaries of computation. This is because the computation of carbon footprint can be visualized as having a number of boundaries that are different. These boundaries may include: Carbon footprint at the department level, Carbon footprint at the organizational level, Carbon footprint across the supply chain, and the LCA (full life-cycle assessment) on a service or product based model. This study will generally focus on product level carbon foot printing (Kasterine & Vanzetti 2010). As aforementioned, Product carbon foot printing approach is based on LCA (full life-cycle assessment). It is therefore pertinent to describe what is entailed under full life-cycle assessment (LCA) before attempting to understand what product carbon foot printing. LCA boundaries of evaluation broadly encompass the raw materials extraction and processing, manufacturing or production, consumer-use, as well as end-of-life scenarios; this may involve the process of material recycling (Hesselbach & Herrmann 2011). As such, the result obtained from a full life-cycle assessment can be used for purposes of identifying significant impacts on human health and environment emanating from a particular product, and such information can be used to alleviate the impact. The information gathered through LCA evaluation may also be useful in terms of designing an effective strategy that can reduce product cost while at the same time provi ding an opportunity to

Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Information Technology - Essay Example The telephone, as defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary, is an instrument for reproducing sounds at a distance. In the process sound is converted into electrical impulses for transmission. According to Anderson and Johannesson (2005), the telephone evolved rapidly due to its instant nature. The predecessor of the telephone, the telegraph is hardly present or even heard of today, but the telephone has persisted for more than a hundred years. This is due to the fact that the absence of intermediaries made the two parties easily exchange information in real time without much delay, just by talking on both ends of the line as compared to the telegraph. For the later part of the 20th century, the telephone has come a long way. From originally being connected in a wired network, the originally analogue system of transmitting signals in telephone lines became digital, to accommodate more customers. Also, since the data being received and sent are rather bulky, high-speed transmission is important, which needs the digitizing of data being exchanged (Lee, 1997: 3-4). Due to the perceived promise of the telephone technology in accommodating and innovating its functions to fit the continuously improving information technology system, it became one of the key elements in the present era of communication. The mobile phone’s origins can be traced from the mobile two-way radio, which were used in fire trucks and police cars. Soon, mobile telephony for the general public grew, and eventually a system of using transmitters that covered small patches of land that could hand off transmissions as a user moves around became the forerunner of cellular technology (Anderson & Johannesson, 2005:24). Eventually, the use of analogue frequency modulation became replaced by digital telephony, by the introduction of GSM, or Global System for Mobile communications. There are numerous technologies along the line of these

Models of Integration Implementation Research Paper

Models of Integration Implementation - Research Paper Example Any software development procedure is divided into numerous logic stages that permit the developer to consolidate work competently, in order to build a software product of the necessary functionality within a precise period and financial plan. This model is a progressive scheme process, in which advancement is seen as flowing progressively down, like a waterfall, over the phases of formation, commencement, analysis, scheme, assembly, testing, and upkeep. According to this model, each stage must be finalized before the subsequent stage can begin (Petrice, 2002). This model traces its roots in the construction and manufacturing industries, which comprise highly organized physical settings in which after-the –fact fluctuations are excessively inflated, if not unbearable. This hardware sloping model was merely adjusted for software development at the time for the reason that no software development approaches existed. Winston frequently quotes formal explanation of this model as a 1970 article. He however did not specifically use the word waterfall in the article. He termed the model as an example of faulty, non-working model (Petrice, 2002). According to Royce, the software in request is premeditated and a blue print is drawn for implementers or coders to trail. Once design is thorough, an application of that plan is made by coders, and just before the later stages of the implementation stage, distinct software components manufactured are joined to present new functionality and abridged risk over the removal of errors (Petrice, 2002). This model is not suitable for a high-level plan; it is only applicable in a low-level project plan (Petrice, 2002). This is due to lack of prototype in the earlier stages of the process, until the implementation stage. This might present a catastrophe for a high-level plan, in terms of costs and time spent, for any fault would necessities the repeat of the development process.

Beta Blocker in Case of Heart Failure Essay Example for Free

Beta Blocker in Case of Heart Failure Essay Introduction : Beta-blockers, also known as beta antagonists, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, or beta-adrenergic antagonists, are drugs that are prescribed to treat several different types of conditions, including hypertension (high blood pressure), angina, some abnormal heart rhythms, heart attack (myocardial infarction), anxiety, migraine, glaucoma, and overactive thyroid symptoms. Beta-blockers block the action of the sympathetic nervous system of the heart, thus reducing stress on the heart. The sympathetic nervous system activates the fight or flight response. It is part of the autonomic nervous system. Beta-blockers block beta-adrenergic substances, such as apinephrine (adrenaline) in the autonomic nervous system (involuntary nervous system). They slow down the heart beat, decrease the force of the contractions of the heart muscles, and reduce blood vessel contraction in the heart, brain, as well as the rest of the body. Generic Names:| Carvedilol / Metoprolol / Atenolol / Bisprolol / Propranolol / Timolol| Brand Names:| Coreg / Lopressor, Toprol XL / Tenormin / Zebeta / Inderal / Blocadren| How it is given:| Oral (tablet or capsule), intravenous (IV)| Indications : Doctors may prescribe beta-blockers for patients with tachycardias (rapid heart rates). They help patients with angina by lowering the amount of oxygen the heart muscles require. Angina pectoris occurs when the heart requires more oxygen than it is getting. Beta-blockers can help hypertensive patients because their effects on blood vessels lower blood pressure. Patients with hereditary tremors as well as those who suffer from migraines may benefit from taking beta-blockers. In other words, beta-blockers are known as beta- adrenoreceptor blocking agents and are used to treat: Commonly * Angina * Heart failure * High blood pressure (hypertension) * Irregular heart beat (atrial fibrillation) * Myocardial infarction (heart attack) Â  less commonly * Prevention of migraine * Thyrotoxicosis (overactive thyroid) * Anxiety * Tremor * Glaucoma (as eye drops) - The first clinically useful beta adrenergic receptor antagonist was called Propranolol. It was invented by Sir James W. Black (born 1924), a Scottish doctor and pharmacologist. Sir James also synthesized Cimetidine (for the treatment of heartburn and peptic ulcers) and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1988. Propranolol revolutionized the medical management of angina pectoris it is considered as one of the major contributions to clinical medicine and pharmacology of the 20th century. Mechanism of work : The use of beta blockers in heart failure is primarily associated with the medication’s effect on heart rate. The medication, by way of the sympathetic nervous system, decreases the patient’s heart rate, preventing the heart from having to work harder because of the condition. This effect was not considered desirable for heart failure patients when the medication was first studied, however. A lowered heart rate has the risk of worsening heart failure symptoms, but as research continued, beta blockers proved to have benefits that outweighed this risk. The exact etiology of the case of heart failure is of importance when a doctor is deciding whether to use beta blockers. A case that is present because of impaired ventricular filling, in contrast to a case caused by impaired ventricular emptying, seems to respond better to beta blockers in heart failure. In addition to their sympathetic action on heart muscle, beta blockers in heart failure influence the kidney’s renin/angiotensin system. Beta blocking medications cause the secretion of the hormone, renin, to decrease. As renin decreases, a cascade of events transpires that decrease the heart’s demand for oxygen. The cascade lowers extracellular fluid volume and increases the blood’s ability to hold and carry oxygen to body tissues. Beta blocker treatment can be supplemented, and is supplemented in most cases, with diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors that enhance this effect. Patients who have significant dyspnea — shortness of breath — while they remain at rest are among those who may not be candidates for treatment with beta blockers. Having severe dyspnea can increase the risks that are associated with beta blocker treatment. Some patients are considered hemodynamically unstable if their blood does not carry oxygen well, even under normal circumstances; these patients may not be good candidates for treatment either. Heart problems for a patient with heart problems beta-blockers can reduce the workload for the heart; so that it does not have to work so hard to supply all parts of the body with oxygen-rich blood. For people with angina, heart failure, or after a heart attack, reducing the hearts workload is crucial. Drugs Used in case of Heart Failure : * Propranolol * Metoprolol tartrate (Lopressor) and metoprolol succinate (Toprol XL)| * | * Carvedilol (Coreg)| * | * Bucindolol (Bextra)| * | * Bisoprolol (Zebeta)| * | Side Effects : The most common side effects are: * Cold feet * Cold hands * Diarrhea * Fatigue * Nausea * Very slow heartbeat The following less common side effects are also possible: * Sleeping difficulties and disturbances * Bad dreams (nightmares) * Erectile dysfunction (male inability to achieve or sustain an erection during sex) References : Myo clinic www.Hearthealthywomen.com http://www.wisegeek.com

Hurricane Katrina and its Impact on the New Orleans Economy

Hurricane Katrina and its Impact on the New Orleans Economy Introduction The Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 had hit the areas like, Bahamas, Cuba, South Florida, Louisiana and especially, New Orleans as it was one of the deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States. Its greatest impact was seen in New Orleans, Louisiana with estimations of about 80% of the city being wiped out and the overall damages due to hurricane were pegged at more than $200 billion and 1,836 people lost their lives. New Orleans Economy Though the region contributes merely 2% of the gross domestic product of the USA, it plays a vital role in the growth and development of the country as the New Orleans port is one of the busiest and largest in the world. It is also a centre for the maritime industry. Another key industry at New Orleans is the countrys one of the major sources for petrochemical productions with oil refining facilities. It is also one of the major educational hubs of the country homing over 50,000 degree students. Besides, tourists from worldwide folk at the pristine beaches of New Orleans with over $5.5 billion turnover every year contributing about 40% of the tax revenue of New Orleans with about 10 million visitors. New Orleans is also one of the 10 most visited cities in the USA. The employment scenario before the Hurricane Katrina was different in New Orleans which could be understood from the fact that from 1990 to 2000, the employment in U.S. economy grew by 19.5 percent creating more than 21 million jobs whereas for the corresponding period, the population in the country had increased by 13 percent i.e., about 32 million people. However, in New Orleans city lost both jobs and population in the same corresponding period. Little less than half of the population in the city was employed in hospitality, trading, medical and healthcare and government. (Cashell Labonte, 2005) However, there was a shift in pattern of the employment base and tourism became one of the major employers with contributing 16 percent of total employment and government employment was about 20 percent. At the same time, the gap of average wage between national rate and New Orleans had widened. Export Hub Having three main industries in New Orleans namely, ports, education and tourism which have remained backbone for the local employment. The ports at New Orleans have capacity of handling about 5,000 ships every year from the docks of 60 countries. The port of New Orleans along with the Port of South Louisiana near LaPlace accounts for the maximum bulk shipping in the world. The major exports from these ports are petroleum products, food and grain and minerals. Whereas, the key imports are mainly with Latin America which includes coffee, cocoa beans, chemicals and petroleum. (Cashell Labonte, 2005) Education New Orleans city has Tulane University located in along with the University of New Orleans, Lyoyla University, Xavier University, Southern University, Dillard University and Louisiana State University Medical School. New Orleans hence, is a major hub for the degree students enrolling significantly of African-American students. Post-Katrina Economic Impact Following the devastating hurricane Katrina, the loss of output reduced the economic growth of the region in later of 2005 and resumed the economic activities in early 2006. However, the increase in spending while rebuilding the city and restoration measures had expected to increase the growth rate of the region for first two quarters of 2006 and the macroeconomic advisors changed their estimations for the growth from 3.2 per cent each for both quarters in 2006 to 4.4 per cent and 3.8 per cent respectively. (AbcNews, n.d.). Impact on Energy and Trade For the nation as a whole, its Gulf Region is a key producer of oil and natural gas contributing 6.5 percent and 16 percent of consumption of crude oil and gas respectively. Due to Hurricane Katrina, the refining of crude oil and petroleum loss is estimated of about 2 million barrels per day as the refining capacities had to shut. Nonetheless, major pipelines supplying crude and petroleum to the East, South and Midwest costs also originate in Gulf which created impact on petroleum prices. Energy prices fluctuations in any economy leaves large impacts on the nation which has been observed in the disasters like wars and recessions. It leaves behind losses and opportunity losses hurdling the national growth rate indirectly. According to studies, mere 10 percent of rise in oil prices for about three months also can affect the cumulative growth of the economy curtailing it by about 0.7 per cent to 1.4 per cent per annum. It suggests that a small price rise in the key component like oil ca n have a modest impact and sharp impact on the national economy. According to the Energy Department, gasoline had set a new record price on September 5, 2005 at $3.07 per gallon. Dean Baker, economist and co-director at the Center for Economic and Policy Research had opined that the rise in prices was because of short in supply due to loss of refining capacity slowing the growth rate of economy slightly in the fourth quarter. These immediate effects had largely dissipated by the end of the year. If anything, the rebuilding from the storm (financed by insurance and government assistance) was giving a modest boost to the economy by the beginning of 2006, Dean was quoted in a news report. (AbcNews, n.d.) The hurricane in New Orleans had forced to cease about 95 per cent of oil production from very second day of the disaster striking. Though, the mammoth works of rebuilding and restorations were in place down to 10 months also from the day of disaster, the yearly oil production was 30 per cent less than before the Katrina. The refineries where shut down across the region and from nine facilities with capacity of refining up to 1.5 million barrels a day, seven were operational by November 2005 (Mcculey, 2007). Rest of two had taken longer time to commence. One of the refineries producing 247,000 barrels a day could start only after 8 months in May. Moreover, thousands of jobs were lost combining with the sharp increase in prices affecting the economic growth in the last quarter of 2005. The countrys GDP had seen a sharp fall in the growth rate at 1.8 per cent for the respective quarter in comparison to 4.2 per cent of GDP growth for the corresponding period in the previous year. Mesirow Financial chief economist Diane Swonk had commented that Katrina had left distortionary impact on the economy. After a hike in the fuel prices, they were again dipped less than $3 per gallon in first quarter of 2006 as the federal government along with the private enterprises had pumped in millions of dollars in rescue and restoration initiatives. The impact of this on GDP was very positive and the growth rate was registered at 5.6 per cent in the same period. Increase in household spending was also recovered in the same period with the fuel prices returning to normalcy. New Orleans after Two Years from the Disaster According to the Time Magazine, about 450,000 population of New Orleans had not returned to the city even after two years of the disaster after a majority population was evacuated and some had migrated in 2005. The unemployment rate had gone up in 2007 at 5.1 per cent from 4.5 per cent in 2006 in Orleans Parish. (Mcculey, 2007) The industries which had sustained the hurricane had started posting positive financial results which was a positive sign of the recovery though new enterprises were restraining from the region due to its vulnerability. (Brinkley, 2006) The ports of New Orleans were first to recover from the disaster and within two weeks of devastation, first ship call was received at the port. Sooner, the cargo traffic was in place contributing faster recovery as about 60,000 jobs were related to the ports and its operations in New Orleans. In 2007, about 500,000 passengers through cruise ship were estimated to arrive in New Orleans which was inching towards the figure of 2004 when 750,000 passengers through cruise had arrived at the port. (Dolfman, Wasser, Bergman, 2007) Conclusion Hence, the impact of Hurricane Katrina on the economy of New Orleans has been mixed as it shrunk the growth of the region but after the setback also rebounded with vengeance. It also changed the landscape of employment pattern and flow of tourists as tourism is one of the key industries here. The long lasting impact of the hurricane will remain in the minds of locals and those who lost their family and friends which could not be healed ever and as much as the economic damages can be. As the Time magazine had stated in its issue of 2007 that there were certain things in New Orleans which will never be like before. (Mcculey, 2007)

Creating a WAN Diagram

Creating a WAN Diagram BY: JAN AVIT MICOLH MATUGAS Creating WAN Diagram a) Create a WAN diagram detailing and labeling all components of a WAN network according to the scenario (network devices, computers and servers configurations). Every branch must have their own IP range. Figure 1 Actual Diagram of Wellington being connected to its all branches Figure 2. Actual Diagram of Wellington Main Office Figure 3. Actual Diagram of Napier and Christchurch Figure 4. Actual Diagram of Auckland and Tauranga b) Write down the IP address range for all branches. 1. Wellington 192.110.2.1/24 2. Napier 192.90.1.2/24 3. Christchurch 192.117.3.1/24 4. Auckland 122.13.58.4/24 5. Tauranga 192.168.14.0/24 c) List down the components used in the network you have created with their configuration, separated by branch: Â   Component Configuration Wellington 52 PC HP Z240 SFF i5-6500 3.2GHz 8GB DDR4 1TB Win7Pro 8 Servers Intel 7th Gen Core i7 7700 3.6Ghz Quad Core/ 16 GB DDR4 RAM 4 Routers Netgear Orbi RBK50 MU-MIMO Wi-Fi System, Orbi Router + Orbi Satellite, Tri-Band AC3000, 4 x Gigabit LAN, 4 Switches Ubiquiti UniFi Switch US-8-150W, 8-Port Gigabit Managed PoE+ Switch, with 8 x PoE/PoE+ (Max 150W) and 2 x SFP Rackmountable, Fanless, Passive 24V 802.3af/at Napier 8 PC HP Z240 SFF i5-6500 3.2GHz 8GB DDR4 1TB Win7Pro 2 Router Netgear Orbi RBK50 MU-MIMO Wi-Fi System, Orbi Router + Orbi Satellite, Tri-Band AC3000, 4 x Gigabit LAN, 2 Switch Ubiquiti UniFi Switch US-8-150W, 8-Port Gigabit Managed PoE+ Switch, with 8 x PoE/PoE+ (Max 150W) and 2 x SFP Rackmountable, Fanless, Passive 24V 802.3af/at Chirstchurch 5 PC HP Z240 SFF i5-6500 3.2GHz 8GB DDR4 1TB Win7Pro Router Netgear Orbi RBK50 MU-MIMO Wi-Fi System, Orbi Router + Orbi Satellite, Tri-Band AC3000, 4 x Gigabit LAN, Switch Ubiquiti UniFi Switch US-8-150W, 8-Port Gigabit Managed PoE+ Switch, with 8 x PoE/PoE+ (Max 150W) and 2 x SFP Rackmountable, Fanless, Passive 24V 802.3af/at UTP cable Cat45 Auckland 18 PC HP Z240 SFF i5-6500 3.2GHz 8GB DDR4 1TB Win7Pro Router Netgear Orbi RBK50 MU-MIMO Wi-Fi System, Orbi Router + Orbi Satellite, Tri-Band AC3000, 4 x Gigabit LAN, Switch Ubiquiti UniFi Switch US-8-150W, 8-Port Gigabit Managed PoE+ Switch, with 8 x PoE/PoE+ (Max 150W) and 2 x SFP Rackmountable, Fanless, Passive 24V 802.3af/at Tauranga 4 PC HP Z240 SFF i5-6500 3.2GHz 8GB DDR4 1TB Win7Pro 2 Routers Netgear Orbi RBK50 MU-MIMO Wi-Fi System, Orbi Router + Orbi Satellite, Tri-Band AC3000, 4 x Gigabit LAN, 2 Switches Ubiquiti UniFi Switch US-8-150W, 8-Port Gigabit Managed PoE+ Switch, with 8 x PoE/PoE+ (Max 150W) and 2 x SFP Rackmountable, Fanless, Passive 24V 802.3af/at 2 Servers Intel 7th Gen Core i7 7700 3.6Ghz Quad Core/ 16 GB DDR4 RAM d) Explain the WAN diagram in terms of how the branches network are connected and justify your choose of network devices and components for each branch. As I observed, most of the connection is being done by the VPN connections. Like Napier and Christchurch, they are equipped with router-to-router VPN connections. Through this, its very easy to connect from branch to main office. Also with the Auckland and Tauranga they are also using VPN that can stay connected 24/7 a day. It is also equipped with T1 connection that allows them to have a smooth transition experience. For me the most important device is the Router. Through this all the connections of all branches is possible (Intranet and Extranet VPN Business Scenarios, 2007). e) Provide a scenario explaining how a branch will connect to the company main office. This company is already expanding. In fact it has already 4 branches across the country. So for this the company will make sure that all employees can have access to all network resources that they need in order to perform their job effectively. With this, it is very important also to assure the security of creating the path on how you connect it. By the use of site-to-site VPN, it will create a path called tunnel between two sites via internet. This will allow the branches to access the file servers at the main office. The data being transfer are all encapsulated so youre both protected as you send and receive data. f) Provide a scenario explaining how a business partner will access the extranet. The business partner is one of the most valuable parts in any organization. We should care and provide good communications to create a good bond. In order to make this happen, the Main office and the business partner should be connected through a secure IPSec tunnel (VPN), then allowing the business partner to access the Main offices file server to perform their various tasks, like updating and monitoring the product stocks (Intranet and Extranet VPN Business Scenarios, 2007). Using the diagram that you created before, answer the following questions a) Create a routing table for every branch if applicable. This routing table is from Christchurch branch, where it has 5 PC. Destination Subnet Mask Gateway Interface Metric Protocol 192.117.3.2 255.255.255.0 192.117.3.1 Local Area Network 1 Local 192.117.3.3 255.255.255.0 192.117.3.1 Local Area Network 1 Local 192.117.3.4 255.255.255.0 192.117.3.1 Local Area Network 1 Local 192.117.3.5 255.255.255.0 192.117.3.1 Local Area Network 1 Local 192.117.3.6 255.255.255.0 192.117.3.1 Local Area Network 1 Local b) Which protocol or protocols should be used to ensure the routing tables are correct and working. There are 3 types of Routing Protocols Static Default Dynamic Static This type of protocol is being done my manual configurations. Each destination is all configured manually, like configuring the known destination and subnet mask. Default In this protocol, the main feature is to send packets into unknown network destination. (Not in routing table) and it has also one exit port. Dynamic This protocol caters all the features that able find and update routing tables on routers. This is very efficient to use because it will directly connect all known networks and send/receive data between two routers. I choose the Dynamic protocol, because as you can see it is packed with all the good features that very useful and convenient to use. In this protocol you can save more time and resources(Academy, 2014). References: Academy, C. N. (2014, March 24). Cisco Networking Academys Introduction to Routing Dynamically. Retrieved from http://www.ciscopress.com: http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2180210seqNum=7 Academy, C. N. (2014, March 24). Cisco Networking Academys Introduction to Routing Dynamically. Retrieved from http://www.ciscopress.com: http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2180210seqNum=7 Intranet and Extranet VPN Business Scenarios. (2007, August 3). Retrieved from http://www.cisco.com: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/security/vpn_modules/misc/Archive_-6342/6342cmbo.html#wp1057569 Academy, C. N. (2014, March 24). Cisco Networking Academys Introduction to Routing Dynamically. Retrieved from http://www.ciscopress.com: http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2180210seqNum=7 Intranet and Extranet VPN Business Scenarios. (2007, August 3). Retrieved from http://www.cisco.com: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/security/vpn_modules/misc/Archive_-6342/6342cmbo.html#wp1057569 Intranet and Extranet VPN Business Scenarios. (2007, August 3). Retrieved from http://www.cisco.com: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/security/vpn_modules/misc/Archive_-6342/6342cmbo.html#wp1064626

Catcher In The Rye And Huck Finn :: essays research papers

All novels contain common elements and qualities. In most cases the plot, conflict, and a narrative voice forms the style of writing. Frequently the incidents told are direct experiences from the narrator himself. The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger and Huckleberry Finn by Samuel Clemens employ these characteristics, particularly using a constructive voice, symbolism, and a complex connected sequence of events, dealing with human experiences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many instances in The Catcher in the Rye which deal with such characteristics. The novel is told in first person through the eyes of the narrator, Holden. He recalls the events as a series of flashbacks placing the setting of the story in his mind. Next, there is the repeated use of symbolism throughout the novel. Three major symbols were the ducks, the Museum of Natural History, and Jane Gallagher. While Holden is wandering around New York City, he asks many people about what happens to the ducks in the pond when it freezes. In actuality, the ducks represent Holden wondering about himself. Jane Gallagher and the Museum of Natural History, both represent the theme of the past in two different aspects. Jane Gallagher was an old friend of the past, and he mentions calling her repeatedly throughout the story. She is a significant part of his past that he misses a lot, which makes him want to reminisce those times once again. The Museum of Natural History, o n the other hand, makes Holden realize he will never be the same as he used to be, and this changes his mind on wanting to return to the past. All of these hidden messages represent Holden, revealing the way he thinks and acts. Throughout the novel there’s continuance of events that deal with human experiences. The novel is based on the story of his nervous breakdown lead by being expelled from Pencey Prep, increasing feelings of loneliness and desperation brought on by the insincerity and ugliness of the adult world, and the tormenting memories of the death of his younger brother Allie.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Huckleberry Finn was also written in first person but through the eyes of the Huck Finn. Huck tells about a series of adventures, making many observations on human nature and the South as he does. The use of symbolism is again portrayed throughout this novel. It is often said that the story of Huck Finn is about Mark Twain himself.

Miss Wright :: essays research papers

Tuskegee To Voorhees   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the book, â€Å"Tuskegee To Voorhees†, I learned about the life of Elizabeth Evelyn Wright. Elizabeth was born on August 18, 1872 to Virginia and Wesley Wright. She was one of twenty-one children who many within her community thought of her as a child to be of no great promise because she was black and female. Elizabeth proved everyone to be wrong. She had a vision. Elizabeth’s vision was to serve her people where she felt her service was most needed. She wanted to provide an educational training that would enable boys and girls a foundation to obtain an honest and respectable living that would be recognized by all races. Elizabeth had a vision but first she needed to educate herself in order to carry out her vision.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elizabeth’s education began at the age of seven or eight and because she was an inquisitive child she learned a lot. Her mind was constantly wondering and thirsting for knowledge. While attending school and sitting down on a bench during her break, a gust of wind brought a raggedy piece of paper to Elizabeth’s feet and she picked it up. The piece of paper succinctly told how poor colored boys and girls could get an education by working their way through school. The idea of being able to pay for school intrigued Elizabeth and she kept the paper until it was time for her to attend school for a useful career. The school was Tuskegee Industrial Institute.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It took a lot of convincing and coercion from Elizabeth’s teacher-friend to get permission from her guardians who were her uncle and grandmother to let her attend Tuskegee. They felt that she was too young and innocent to be attending a school so far away from home. They also believed that she was setting herself up for failure. After much consideration, they decide to let Elizabeth go to Tuskegee to further her training.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Upon arrival to Tuskegee, Elizabeth was amazed at what she saw. She saw intelligent young men and women of her race. She quickly decided that she must find her place there and adjust herself to her new surroundings in the best possible way. She began evening classes since her money could not afford her day classes.

migration Essay -- essays research papers

The need to migrate from lower developed countries to developed countries is generally due largely in part to financial reasons. In most cases, the attractiveness of higher wages in urban environments usually outweighs the inconvenience of being away from family members and becoming acclimated in a new environment. In lower developed countries, under-employment is high and the demand for labor is low. As such the problems arises with rural to urban migration. This migration into urban cities is usually an attractive alternative for individuals with low education levels, generally with limited experience in the agricultural sector. Initially at first, an individual may feel uneasy since the risk factor involved with migrating into a different environment is high and the likelihood of finding a job is uncertain. As much of a concern as this may be, the willingness to take this risk and migrate is usually a better alternative than staying in the current environment with insufficient infrastructure with limited job opportunities. The role of government policies also plays a large role in affecting the level of migration into a country. If the government can increase the perceived probability of getter a job sooner, even more people would migrate from the rural sector to the urban sector. This being so, the same would also be true for the opposite scenario. Should the government fail to implement policies that would increase the level of perceived probability, the amount of peo...

Professional Behaviour Essay

A framework of professional principles can guide behaviour where the law is not applicable, not clear, or remains silent. Behaving legally is the minimum standard of behaviour expected of the ‘ethical’ accountant. Some behaviour, while legal, may still be regarded as ‘unethical’. Many aspects and decisions within accounting roles, at all levels, are not covered by the law. Therefore, in many different situations, the law is not sufficient to guide a professional’s behaviour, but a professional is also expected to behave in accordance with accepted professional principles. Acting in the public interest : The public is everyone who is affected or could potentially be affected by the work or shortcomings of accountants and auditors, including third party institutions. The interest is the potential impact of accountants’ work on the public, whether that be beneficial or harmful. What actions are the public interested in as far as accountancy is concerned? Money laundering * ‘the conversion or transfer of property, knowing that such property is derived from criminal activity or from an act of participation in such activity, for the purpose of concealing or disguising the illicit origin of the property or of assisting any person who is involved in the commission of such activity to evade the legal consequences of his action’; and * ‘the concealment or disguise of the true nature, source, location, disposition, movement, rights with respect to, or ownership of property, knowing that such property is derived from criminal activity or from an act of participation in such activity’. Insider trading is another form of corruption. This is making investor decisions based on confidential information. Insider trading is a criminal offence in most countries, although the effectiveness of enforcement varies. The reasons it is usually illegal are: * It is unfair on investors who do not have access to the information * It may deter investors from participating in the market at all, undermining the basic purpose of markets, which is to allow companies to raise capital * It may destabilise markets by encouraging the trading of stock based on rumours * It involves profiting from a breach of confidence, at the expense (at least partially) of people to whom the insider has a duty (such as their employer, and their employer’s shareholders) Defenders of insider trading claim that it improves market efficiency by allowing confidential information to influence prices more quickly. However, in most situations insider trading is considered to be highly damaging.

Difference in Metaphysics Between Aristotle and Kant

What is the underlying going between metaphysics as Kant conceives it, and metaphysics as Aristotle conceives it? struggle in support of unrivaled or the different skyline. Metaphysics is usu lie withlyy taken to lead two enquirys of what is existence and what types of topics exist in order to answer either incertitudes, wizardness allow find itself using and investigate the concepts of macrocosm.Aristotleproposed the first of these investigations which he travel toed first article of faith, withal known as the acquisition of existence save overtime his literary works came to be best known as Metaphysics in which he studied cosmos qua macrocosm with a central news report of how perfume may be delimit as a category of worldness. Kant who is a nominalist criticized some(prenominal) Aristotelean and thitherfore realists ideas of metaphysics by suggesting that they studyk to go beyond the limits of gay knowledge.Furthermore Kant argued that the bui lding of the humanness as it is in itself is unreachable to us metaphysicians must(prenominal)iness(prenominal) be capacitance to explain the structure of our purpose intimately that universe. In this essay I will examine the two master(prenominal) exp mavinnts of such a doctrine in favor of realists by looking at the main differences of Metaphysics as Aristotle and Kant conceive it, which is touch on on the all important question of whether metaphysics is a intelligence of mind or of being.There bring been disagreements between philosophers about the genius of metaphysics Aristotle whatevertimes characterizes the school as the exertion to describe the first cause or better referred to as the unmoved proposer and separate times as the very global science of being qua being. It is heretofore important to remember that both of these characterizations identify one and the resembling discipline. On the different(a) hand the empiricists and Kant were critical of both peripatetic and quick-scentedist ideas of metaphysics, by public debate that both disciplines seek to exceed the limits of human knowledge.Kant argued that the structure of the world as it is in itself is out of reach(predicate) to us and that metaphysicians must be content to describe the structure of our thinking about that world. Realists such as Plato and Aristotle take none that for lyric poem to even exist there must be more or less ordinary character to phenomenon. To elaborate, human beings do not deal each aim as a completely independent entity to be analyze merely preferably draw comparisons to otherwise known objects to compile a series of properties to categorize it.Nominalists, on the other hand, objet dart not denying that humans group involvements unneurotic by virtue of certain qualities, maintain that this is hardly a convention of linguistic process base on peoples perception of them. on the providedton because two objects sh atomic numb er 18 the same plain quality does not needs secure grouping them together in each real way its simply a human way of making star of reality through the senses. As presently as one asks the nigh staple fiber questions of what is Aristotelian Metaphysics? What make does Aristotle believe himself to be undertaking in these essays? you find yourself, perplex immediately. Metaphysics is in feature a digest of a number of Aristotles writings that later on editors put together. It has a central theme of an inquiry into how bone marrow may be defined as a category of being. Book da Gamma appears to start on characterizing some liaison which Aristotle calls the science of being qua being and then goes on to a discussion of the principle of non contradiction. There is science which investigates being qua being and the attributes which belong to this in virtue of its own (Warrington, 1956, P116).In order to involve being qua being, one has to simply analyze those qualities which hold of entities in virtue of the fact that they atomic number 18 entities. What sort of attributes be qualities of entities qua being? Aristotle insists on unity or one as such a feature, on the grounds that every thing everything which exists is one thing. that Aristotles characterization of the substance raises a some doubts why is there a indispensability to keep logic to entities? Is the word qua countenance? No doubt each entity is one thing but is it one thing qua being, or insofar as it exists?Although ledger Epsilon is quite a brief, it shows a return to the science of being qua being and alike passes some remarks on truth. If there each determined substances, then the science which deals with them must be anterior, and it must be primary ism (Loux, 2006, p14). This shows that the immoveable substances are divinities. Book Zeta appears to restrict our subject matter in a rather different way the question which, both now and in the past, is continually pose d and continually puzzled over is this what is being? That is to say, what is substance? This question defines the record of Aristotles inquiries, at least for a large part of the Metaphysics, and it thus offers a fourth account of the study or science of metaphysics. The science of first principles, the study of being qua being, theology, the investigation into substance four compatible descriptions of the same discipline? mayhap there is no one discipline which pot be identified as Aristotelian Metaphysics? And perhaps this thought should not disturb us we need unless recall that the metaphysics was composed by Andronicus rather than by Aristotle.But the four descriptions do put up at least one thing in common they are unrelenting and obscure (Ross, 1996, p174). Books Zeta, Eta and Theta, together form the central part of the Metaphysics, with a focus on their general topic substance its categorisation and relation to matter and forms, to actuality and to potentiality, to change and generation. tally to Aristotle, there is one kind of being which is in the strictest and fullest sense, substance. What we dont see in Metaphysics is Aristotle treating the categories as a entire.The substance is the whole thing, including the qualities, relations etc which form its inwardness and this nookie exist apart. Secondary substances being universals, cannot according to Aristotles own doctrine exist apart, but must be supplemented by the special qualities of their individual members. summation is prior in definition in defining a member of both other category you must entangle the definition of the underlying substance. Substance is prior for knowledge we know a thing better when we know what is than when we know what quality, measuring stick or place it has.In this realist point of attitude substance is evidently being thought of not as the concrete thing but as the essential nature. And this duple meaning spreads through Aristotles whole interventio n of substance. The existence of substance and the annotation between it and other categories is for Aristotle self-evident. Kant on the other hand seems to suggest that the necessity for metaphysics is a psychological one, arising out of mens desires which is the main difference between Aristotle and him however I would argue against Kant that this is not the eggshell and it is a logical necessity.It arises out of the immaculate pursuit of knowledge thus that pursuit, which we call science, is an attempt to think in a logical and domineering manner. This involves unraveling the presuppositions of our thoughts. Furthermore it involves discovering that some of them are relative presuppositions which kick in to be justified and that others are infinite presuppositions, which neither stand in need of vindication nor can in fact be justified and a person who has make this discovery is already a metaphysician.Kant intends to detain metaphysic and scientific knowledge by providing an completed analysis of human reason. His scheme is establish on his discovery of synthetic a priori knowledge, judgments that are both informative and necessary. However I would argue against this nominalist point of you as theres a difficulty with explaining how much judgment should arise, as tumesce as to give an explanation of their truth.In other words The literary criticism of elegant precedent argues that the necessary metaphysical principles underlying all hypothetical knowledge originate in the pure forms of feeling and the intellect. Furthermore In Kants point of view, there are no universal concepts underlying reality, simply the phenomenon in front of us. Realists, on the other hand, maintain that all things that share the same property for example, greenness for all things with the likeness green are therefore conjugated by this property. Sharing this property implies pigheadedness of the same universal form.Nominalism posits that what is perceived is what exists in reality, whereas realists view a perceived object as the manifestation of a universal concept. Consequently, perception is not a one-to-one process of seeing something as it really exists, but a synthesis of the underlying concept and real phenomena. Kant wrote the Critique of subtle Reason not as a piece of constructive metaphysical thinking, but it was placed before the public in order to move away from errors which had foreclose and did obstruct metaphysical thinking.In his preface, he argued that his view of Metaphysics is concerned with God, freedom and immortality however as well as dealing with these subjects, it also signified an inquiry to which men could neer be indifferent and which they would never foreswear thus the question was no lengthy about whether people should have metaphysics or no metaphysics but whether they should have adept metaphysics or bad metaphysics. He also argued that metaphysicians were to blame for this state of things and that a solid metaphysics was not to be looked for until those errors had been cleared away. Kants way of accommodating both the Aristotelian and Newtonian world pictures alike- both rude(a) teleology and natural mechanism is to ground both in the necessary possibility of rational human nature. According to Kant, the natural world is an objectively real material world in which human persons actually do exist, and consequently in which human persons must also be possible (Hanna, 2006, p15). Kants point is that if metaphysical knowledge is possible, it will share some of the distinctiveness of logic.For Kant, any science must be based on necessary principles as one would not be able to be certain of what theories are dependable if scientific principles were entirely contingent. However unlike logic, which is purely formal, metaphysics has content because it is the science of reality. For Kant, The Laws of logic are not absolute or universal they are in fact leftover with everything else knowable as phenomenal. Nominalist is true and A and Not A, cannot both be true are both true statements but tho and only because this is the way our unverifiable minds structure and condition reality.They can never true in the universal and absolute sense without this phenomenological caution. For Kant these statements are not necessarily true (though it may be) outside of phenomenal experience. There is no question that Kant intends his surmise of pure concepts to replace Aristotles theory of the categories. In his categories, Aristotle identified ten classes as the fundamental ontological types under which all things fall substance, quantity, quality, relation, place, time, posture, state, action and passion.He thought that things falling under all categories could be subject of essential predications, but only substances can keep their identities while undergoing change in time. In general the categories give tongue to metaphysical principles that set limits on meaningful d iscussions. Kants idea of categories markd from Aristotles in the sense that, he argued rather being empirical, in order for the categories to be successful, they must show that the concepts are pure and have originated in understanding rather than sensibility.In accompaniment the list must include only fundamental concepts, and it must be systematic to ensure completeness. Kant believes it is possible to obtain a complete list because pure concepts express functions of the understanding, thus the key to a complete list is to assume that the understanding has one function. It can be argued that this method is an procession over Aristotles who merely conducted an empirical survey of concepts, which can never countenance the systematic completeness of the list. In Aristotles cocktail dress it is unclear whether he saw it as a doctrine about things and their primary properties or about language and its grassroots predicates whereasKantquite explicitly used his categories as featu res of our way of thinking, and so applied them only to things as they appear to us, not as they really or ultimately are (Barnes, 1995, p75). In conclusion Aristotle and Kants metaphysics differentiate in the sense that one is arguing in favor of realism and the other is arguing in favor of Nominalism.Although there is no doubt that both ideas have faults, the account I agree the most with is indeed Aristotles conception of metaphysics as it focuses on the logical necessity of metaphysics rather than psychological. The main differences between the two accounts can be seen in their treatment of perception, treatment of universals and treatment of language. Bibliography Ackrill, J. L. 1995. Aristotle. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge. 161 Allison, H. E. 2012. Essays on Kant. Oxford Oxford University defend Barnes, J. 1995. The Cambridge companion to Aristotle. Cambridge Cambridge University Press Buroker, J. V. 2006.Kants Critique of pure reason an introduction. Cambridge Cam bridge University press. Page 8 Collingwood, R. G, 1966. An essay on Metaphysics. Oxford Oxford University Press. Hanna, R. 2006. Kant, Science and compassionate Nature. Oxford University Press Oxford. Loux, J. 2006. Metaphysics a contemporary introduction. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge Ross, D. 1996. Aristotle. London Routledge Shields, C. 2007. Aristotle. London Routledge Gardner, S. 1999. Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason. London Routledge Smith, N. K. 2007. Critique of Pure Reason. London Palgrave Macmillan Warrington, J. 1956. Aristotles Metaphysics. London J. M. Dent & Sons